Microeconomic Stock Investment Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Microeconomic Stock Investment Project - Essay Example The number of shares bought were 2000, each at US$ 7.94. Lastly, in the portfolio, GPRN bought 598 shares each at US$ 5.63. The share prices appear in the figure 2 below. The investment strategy is to identify the trends and the variation of share process and the number of shares traded in order to decide whether to buy a particular stock or to sell. When the stock prices reduce and move towards the minimum threshold, the business decision is to buy more of the tock. On the other hand, if the stock price grows towards the maximum, the decision is to sell as many of the stock as possible. From the fake stock game, the stocks identified for sale were CVM at US$ 1.19 and CERE at US $ 1.05. The stock identified for sale was C at 47.74 and EBAY at US$. 53.96. The prevailing business is influenced by inevitable economic conditions such as the fluctuation of stock prices. This makes it difficult to set optimal prices at which the decisions can be made to either sell or buy the stocks (Hubbard 77). Secondly, the business is affected by liquidity challenges. The buying power of the business is low as exhibited by the low purchases of high value stock and investment on short-term basis. The business is headed for greater portfolio size in the future since the number of selling and buying transactions is dynamic. The strength of the portfolio is focused on diversification, innovation and intelligent study of the contemporary stock market. Indeed, the analysis was relevant as a tool for predicting the future dynamics of this portfolio and

Situation Awareness Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Situation Awareness - Case Study Example Situation awareness is even more critical, yet more difficult for military pilots because apart from the normal hazards of flight and navigation, they must also be aware of friendly and enemy aircraft; as a result, they are required to be conversant with and aware of a greater number of elements in their surrounding environment. As Endsley (1999) points out, pilots are not only required to know how to operate the aircraft and the proper procedures and rules for flight, they must also have an accurate and up-to-date picture of the surrounding environment. The research article by Banbury et al (2007) deals with situation awareness specifically from the perspective of how training can be a tool to reduce the incidence of mishaps caused by problems with situation awareness. The objective of this study was to examine whether the safety and efficiency of flight operations could be improved through training in situation awareness using a high fidelity simulator environment. ... On the basis of the literature review, the second stage examined incident and accident reports to determine the extent to which situation awareness was contributing to mishaps. During the third phase, the SA skills were decomposed into their underlying competencies, such as knowledge, skills and attitudes which were set aside as potential candidates for training. During the fourth and final stage of the project, a specialized training solution was developed around these concepts, the objective being to examine the effectiveness of the ESSAI program. The relevant factors in the SA questionnaire have been set out clearly, and they also identify the existing lacunae in the research, i.e, existing measures of situation awareness focus on measuring it in terms of "product" (participant awareness) rather than "process", or the processes involved in situation awareness that produce a representation in memory. This identified the need for an effective diagnostic measure, and the study carried out an exhaustive search using laboratory and field based sources. The study also shows effective testing for bias, because a pilot questionnaire was administered. The article therefore builds upon the research findings from other people and carried it further. The ESSAI program was evaluated using simulator training sessions and the Simulation Awareness Rating technique, a subjective assessment measure that is used to assess operator knowledge in three areas: demands being made on attentional resources, the supply of those resources and an understanding of the situation. The choice of the rating tool was also a good one - the Factors Affecting Situation Awareness scale, containing five sub-scales, was used to measure how susceptible the

The Block Cave Mining Method

The Block Cave Mining Method Block caving is a large-scale underground mining method applicable to the extraction of low-grade, massive ore bodies. With the amount of literature available on block caving this report identifies the need to provide a simple understanding of the process. Understanding a production process of a block cave mine is an important aspect before getting involved with technical aspects of the mine. This report attempts to give an introduction into the production process of a block cave mine and also an understanding about block caving. The document has been split into four chapters, Chapter One gives a basic understanding of the method and highlights the considerations that have to be made before the implementation of a block cave mine. Chapter Two gives an introduction into the production process involved in a block cave mine by taking into account four major levels involved in production. The production process has been described in the form of a flow chart for simple understanding of the process. Chapter Three outlines the significance of production control and production management in order to increase productivity of the mine. Chapter Four outlines some of the safety and risks involved in a block cave mine and the necessary precautions to be taken in order to increase safety. This report has been intended to provide a simple understanding of the block cave mining method and the production process involved. This report is advocated towards a layman in block caving in view of getting an impression about the block cave mining method. Chapter One Introduction 1.1 Block Caving Block caving is an underground mining method applicable to the extraction of low-grade, massive ore bodies with the following characteristics: large vertical and horizontal dimensions, a rock mass that will break into pieces of manageable size, and a surface that is allowed to subside. These rather unique conditions limit block caving to particular types of mineral deposits. Block caving is used for extracting iron ore, low-grade copper, molybdenum  deposits, and diamond-bearing kimberlite pipes. 1.1.1 Block Caving Method A large slice of material is blasted at the base of the ore body which creates an instability within the orebody, inducing the breakdown and mobilization of ore to the production level through the breakdown of ore and waste due to the natural pattern of breakages, development of stresses in the active caving area, and the low strength of the rock mass. The size and shape of the undercut depends on the characteristics of the rock mass. Excavations are created at the production level at base of the orebody to draw out the broken material. A large amount of development expenditure is required to set up the facilities to break the lowest level of the ore body, and all the broken rock is extracted out of the block cave through a system of drawbells. Once the caving is initiated, operating cost of the block cave is very low comparable to the operating costs in open pit mining. Once caving is initiated, production can be ramped up until the production rate is almost equal to the caving rate. The undercut is advanced in the horizontal plane to create greater areas of caving for increasing the production.   Rock breakage occurs only in the caving areas, induced by undercutting, and has low drilling and blasting cost; some amount of blasting may be required at the drawpoints1  to break some of the large rocks coming through the drawbell, especially during the initial stages of draw. Most block caves these days are highly mechanized with large number of large LHDs (load-haul-dump machines) working at the lower levels, though smaller orebodies can also be caved and extracted using gravity draw systems with orepasses2  and slushers3. The development of a conventional gravity flow system of block caving involves Figure Conventional Gravity Flow System http://technology.infomine.com/reviews/BlockCaving/assets/images/BlockCaving1.jpgSource: Infomine Block Caving A spot where gravity fed ore from a higher level is loaded into hauling units A vertical or inclined passage for the downward transfer of ore A mechanical drag shovel loader an undercut where the rock mass underneath the block is fractured by blasting; drawbells beneath the undercut that gather the rock into finger raises4; finger raises that draw rock from drawbells to the grizzlies; a grizzly level where oversized blocks are caught and broken up; a lower set of finger raises that channel ore from grizzlies to chutes for train loading the finger raises are arranged like the branches of a tree, gathering ore from a large area at the undercut level and further channeling material to chutes at the haulage level; and a lowermost level where ore is prepared for train haulage and chute loading. When LHDs are used, the development required is considerably less complex and involves Undercut Levelhttp://www.edumine.com/xcourse/xblock101/docs/figures/images/10002x.jpg Extraction LevelSource: Infomine Block Caving 4 Steeply sloping openings permitting caved ore to flow down raises through grizzlies to chutes on the haulage level an undercut where the rock mass underneath the block is fractured by blasting; drawbells constructed between the undercut and extraction levels; an extraction level with drawpoints at the base of drawbells; and an ore haulage system to collect, crush and transport the ore out of the mine. Underground Mining Methods Unsupported Artificially Supported Pillar SUpported Shrink Stoping Bench and Fill Stoping Room and Pillar Sublevel Mining Longwall Mining Sublevel and Longhole Open Stoping Block and Panel Caving VCR Stoping Cut and Fill Stoping 1.1.2 History of Block Caving Late 19th century:  precursor to modern block caving developed in the Pewabic iron ore mine, Michigan, USA Early 20th century:  the block caving method developed in the USA for iron ore and then copper mining in the western states 1920s:  block caving started in Canada and Chile Late 1950s:  block caving introduced into southern African diamond mines and then chrysotile asbestos  mines Late 1960s:  LHD vehicles developed for underground mining 1970:  LHDs used with block caving at El Salvador mine, Chile 1981:  mechanised panel caving introduced in the primary ore at El Teniente mine, Chile 1990s:  planning of the new generation of block caves with larger block heights in stronger orebodies (e.g. Northparkes, Palabora) 2000s:  planning and development of super block caves under existing open pit mines (Grasberg, Chuquicamata, Bingham Canyon) and at great depth (Resolution Copper) http://www.edumine.com/xcourse/xblock101/docs/figures/images/10003x.jpg Source: Infomine Block Caving 1.2 Management Organizational Chart Mine Manager Technical Services Superintendent Technical Services Superintendent Mine Superintendent Human Resource Logistics Electrical Mechanical Cave Development Cave Production Ventilation Projects Geo-Technology Geology Survey Long Term Planner Short Term Planner Design The organizational chart might differ based on the requirements of a specific mine. 1.2.1 Managerial Responsibilities: Mine Manager is responsible for the overall management, direction and coordination of the mine and related operations. Mine Managers are also intended to provide the technical leadership in the area of underground mine engineering.   The focus of the Mine Manager should be on the following subjects Ensuring underground mining activities are conducted in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act and Regulations and environmental standards Complying with all safety requirements Observing all company policies and procedures Assisting with the development of production targets Ensuring production targets are met or exceeded Developing schedules, budget and ensuring these are controlled and managed effectively Monitoring production results on a progressive basis and preparing monthly progress and variance reports Maintaining effective working relationships with Contractors, Suppliers and Service Providers, and ensuring adherence to contractual requirements Developing a sense of continuous improvement Ensuring appropriate training programs are in place to meet safety and production requirements Maintaining knowledge of current statutory requirements and industry best practices and ensuring compliance at all times Interphases with other managers and superintendents as part of the management team Reviewing mining methods Implementing optimisation programs where appropriate Managing manpower levels to achieve their performance 1.3 Parameters to be considered before the implementation of cave mining Twenty five parameters that should be considered before the implementation of any cave mining operation are set out in Table 1. Many of the parameters are uniquely defined by the orebody and the mining system. No. Parameters Considerations 1 Cavability Rockmass Strength Rockmass Structure In situ stress Hydraulic radius of orebody Water 2 Primary Fragmentation Rockmass strength Geological structures Joint/fracture spacing Joint condition ratings Stress or subsidence caving Induced stress 3 Drawpoint Spacing Fragmentation Overburden load and direction Friction angles of caved particles Practical excavation size Stability of host tockmass Induced Stress 4 Draw Heights Capital Orebody geometry Excavation stability 5 Layout Fragmentaion Drawpoint spacing and size Method of draw 6 Rockburst Potential Regional and induced stresses Rockmass Strength Structures Mining Sequence 7 Sequence Cavability Orebody geometry Induced stresses Geological environment Influence on adjacent operations Rockburst potential Production requirements Water inflow No. Parameters Considerations 8 Undercutting Sequence Regional stresses Rockmass strength Rockburst potential Rate of advance Ore requirements 9 Induced Cave Stresses Regional stresses Area of undercut Shape of undercut Rate of undercutting Rate of draw 10 Drilling Blasting Rockmass strength Powder factor Rockmass stability Required fragmentation Height of undercut 11 Development Layout Sequence Production Drilling and blasting 12 Excavation Stability Rockmass strength Regional and induced stresses Rockburst potential Excavation size Draw height Mining Sequence 13 Primary Support Excavation stability Rockburst potential Brow stability 14 Practical Excavation Size Rockmass strength Insitu stress Induced stress Caving stress Secondary blasting 15 Draw Method Fragmentation Practical drawpoint spacing Practical size of excavation 16 Draw Rate Fragmentation Method of draw Percentage hangups Secondary breaking requirements 17 Drawpoint Interaction Drawpoint spacing Fragmentation Time frame of working drawpoints No. Parameters Considerations 18 Draw Column Stresses Draw-column height Fragmentation Homogenity of ore fragmentation Draw control Height-to-base ratio Direction of draw 19 Secondary Fragmentation Rock- block shape Draw height Draw rate-time dependent failure Rock-block workability Range in fragmentation size Draw control program 20 Secondary Blasting Secondary fragmentation Draw method Drawpoint size Size of equipment and grizzly spacing 21 Dilution Orebody geometry Fragmentation range of unpay ore and waste Grade distribution of pay and unpay ore Mineral distribution in ore Drawpoint interaction Secondary breaking Draw control 22 Tonnage Drawn Level interval Drawpoint spacing Dilution percentage 23 Support Repair Tonnage drawn Point and column loading Secondary blasting 24 Extraction Mineral distribution Method of draw Rate of draw Dilution percentage Ore losses 25 Subsidence Major geological structures Rockmass strength Induced stresses Depth of mining Source: Laubsher Chapter Two -Production Process 2.1 Block Cave Mining System In a Block Cave Mine there are four major levels that contribute to the production of the mine. The levels that have been taken into account here are Extraction Undercut Haulage Ventilation In a natural progression of a block cave mine the infrastructure that need to be built before the start of caving includes Primary access to the production levels (ramps and shafts) Extraction level excavations Haulage and Ventilation level excavations; and Crushing and ore transport facilities. While most of these excavations need to be created before the start of caving operations, construction of some extraction, haulage and ventilation level drifts can be planned just in advance of actual caving operations. Each of these levels is given a brief introduction and the production process for each level are outlined from collecting data from different sources. The information flow in the form of a flow chart is provided for ease of understanding the process. The information flow chart provided is implemented from personal experience and its objective is to provide an impression on the production process of an underground block cave mine. 2.2 Extraction Level The extraction level is the main production level in a block cave operation. All the ore from the block cave is drawn through draw points at the extraction level and then transferred to haulage level through a system of ore passes or a fleet of LHDs. Since this is the main production level, it is developed and supported to counter the stresses and displacements that can be expected during the life of the drawpoints at the level. The arrangement of drawpoints, drawbells and other excavations on the extraction or production level is referred to as the extraction level layout. The development of the extraction level and the drawbells creates two types of pillars. The major apex is the shaped structure or pillar above the extraction level formed between two adjacent drawpoints but separated by the extraction or production drift. The minor apex is the shaped structure or pillar formed between two adjacent drawbells on the same side of the extraction drift. The drawpoint spacing, the drawpoint width, and the distance between the undercut and extraction levels are all designed based on the fragmentation expected within the block cave. The ground support installed in the excavations at the extraction level is based on the characteristics of the rock mass and the expected stress levels at different locations. 2.2.1. Drawbells The ideal shape of the drawbell is like a bell, so that ore can flow to the drawpoint. However it is a compromise between strength and shape. The major and minor apexes must have sufficient strength to last out the life of the draw. It needs to be established how much influence the shape of the drawbell has on interaction. It has always been an empirical point that shaped drawpoints improve ore recovery as the ore should have better flow characteristics than a drawbell with vertical faces and a large flat top major apex. The time consuming operation is creating the drawbell. The undercut technique also determines the shape of the major apex and importantly the shape of the drawbell. The draw rate from the drawbells is an important factor in that it must provide space for caving; also it must not be too fast to create a large air gap and possible air-blasts. If the draw rate is too fast seismic activity will occur. Production must be based on this value and not rely on economic factors such as short term return on investment that ignores long term consequences. There is also the fact that a slow draw rate will mean improved fragmentation. 2.2.2 Extraction Level Production Process Planning Design Equipment/People Decision Making Ground Support Drawbells Drifts Ground Support Development Pathways Ventilation Ventilation Blast Hang ups Drawpoint Undercutting Secondary Blasting Ore Removal LHDs Ore pass full Ore Pass Haulage Level Secondary Ore pass Crusher 2.3 Undercut Level The process of undercutting creates instability at the base of the block being caved. Block cave mining is based on the principle that when a sufficiently large area of a block has been undercut by drilling and blasting, the overlying block of ore will start to cave under the influence of gravity. The process will continue until caving propagates through the entire block surface or to the open pit above, unless a stable shape is achieved. The purpose of the undercut level is therefore to remove a slice of sufficient area near the base of the block to start the caving of the ore above. The undercut level is developed at the base of the block to be caved. The caving of the block is initiated by mining an undercut area until the hydraulic radius of the excavation reaches a critical value. As the broken ore above it will collapse into the void so created. Vertical propagation of the cave will then occur in response to the continued removal of broken ore through the active drawpoints. The horizontal propagation of the cave will occur as more drawpoints are brought into operation under the undercut area. 2.3.1 Undercutting Undercutting is the most important process in cave mining. As not only is a complete undercut necessary to induce a cave, but the design and the sequencing of the undercut is important to reduce the effects of the induced abutment stress. It is essential that the undercut is continuous and it should not be advanced is there is a possibility that pillars will be left. This rule which is often ignored owing to the problems in re-drilling holes, results in the leaving of pillars resulting in the collapse of large areas and consequent high ore losses. The undercut technique also determines the shape of the major apex and importantly the shape of the drawbell. Care must be taken that there is no stacking of large blocks on the major apex as this could prevent cave propagation. 2.3.2 Undercutting Techniques Conventional The conventional undercutting sequence is to develop the drawbell and then to break the undercut into the drawbell. Henderson Technique The Henderson Mine technique of blasting the drawbell with long holes from the undercut level just ahead of blasting the undercut reduces the time interval in which damage can occur. They have also found it necessary to delay the development of the drawbell drift until the drawbell has to be blasted. Advance Undercut The advance undercut technique means that the drawpoints and drawbells are developed after the undercut has passed over, so that the abutment stresses are located in the massive rock mass with only the production drift. 2.3.3 Undercut Level Production Process Design Planning Development Equipment/People Decision Making Ground Support Ventilation Drifts Pathways Undercutting Ore Removal Haulage Level LHDs Crusher Muck Removal LHDs Ore Pass Waste Dump 2.4 Haulage and Ventilation Level The haulage and ventilation levels lie below the extraction level. They need to be developed with adequate excavations to handle the quantity of broken ore and ventilating air streams required for the designed production rates, equipment and manpower employed within the block cave. Facilities for storing, crushing and conveying the broken ore to the mill need to be developed at the haulage level. The larger excavations required for the crushers, ore bins and conveyor transfer stations need to be located outside the zone of influence of the stresses due to the block cave, and adequate ground support will need to be installed to ensure that the excavations are stable during their expected life. The excavations and levels must be placed far enough apart so that there is limited interaction between numerous excavations created to move the ore from the production level to the milling facilities at the surface. 2.4.1 Haulage Level Much of the development of the infrastructure for a block cave operation is completed during the pre-production stage though some haulage lines and ventilation drifts and raises may be deferred to later in the life of the block cave. Scheduling the development of haulage and ventilation drifts needs careful planning so that the required facilities are in-place well in advance of their requirement. Though there is some flexibility in the development of these levels since they are different elevations and lie below the extraction level, the preliminary layouts need to be prepared so that the flow of materials, ore and ventilating air can be integrated without interruption as the block cave progresses. 2.4.2 Ventilation Level Ventilation Levels are normally developed between the haulage and the extraction levels. During the development phase air is streamed through the undercut and extraction levels to the working faces and exhausted through the raises to the ventilation level. During production, air is coursed through the extraction level and exhausted through the ventilation raises to the exhaust side of the ventilation level. Additional air is provided at the working areas through ventilation raises which connect to the intake of the ventilation level 2.4.3 Haulage Level Information Chart Scoop Ore Removal Haulage Level Haul Distance Optimization LHDs Crusher Figure Haulage Level Information Chart 2.4.4 Ventilation Level Information Chart Auxillary Ventilation Intake Raise Exhaust Raise Fresh Air Exhaust Air Drifts Pathways Fans/Vent Ducts Chapter Three Production Control 3.1 Departments in a block cave mine involved in Production Control Design Planning Geology Geo-technology Ventilation Maintenance Cave Development/Production Survey Construction Electrical Mechanical Human Resource Safety In a Mine Environment each and every department plays a crucial role to keep the Mine running and to meet the production targets. Problems associated with these departments no matter how small they may be contribute damage in their own way to dampen the production. Production planning for block cave operations can be complex. The factors to be considered include geotechnical constraints, cave shape, draw point development sequence, draw point productivity, production block limits such as loader capacity and ore pass capacity and variable shut-off grade mining costs. The nature of the problem also changes during the life of a cave from initial production build up to final closure. Overall objective for production planning should be to maximize productivity, some of the aspects of production planning include Minimum/Maximum tonnage per period Maximum total tonnage per draw point Ratio of tonnage from current drawpoint compared with other drawpoints. Height of draw of current draw point with respect to other drawpoints Percentage drawn for current draw point with respect to other drawpoints Maximum tonnage from selected groups of drawpoints in a period. 3.2. Production Control Major Concerns 3.2.1 Fragmentation Rock fragmentation is the fragment size distribution of blasted rock material, in caving operations fragmentation has a bearing on Drawpoint spacing Dilution entry into the draw column Draw control Drawpoint productivity Secondary blasting/breaking costs Secondary blasting damage Primary Fragmentation Caving results in primary fragmentation which can be defined as the particle size that separates from the cave back and enters the draw column. The data to be considered for the calculation of the primary fragmentation is In situ rock mass ratings Intact rock strength Mean joint spacing and maximum and minimum spacing Orientation of cave front Induced stresses Secondary Fragmentation Secondary fragmentation is the reduction in size of the primary fragmentation particle as it moves down through the draw column. The processes to which particles are subjected to, determine the fragmentation size distribution in the drawpoints. The data to be considered for the calculation of the primary fragmentation is The effect of fines cushioning Draw strategy and draw rate Rock block strength Shape of fragments Frictional properties of fragments Column height Fragmentation is the major factor that determines productivity from a drawpoint. Fine material will ensure high productivity. 3.2.2 Draw control Draw control is one of the major concerns that need to be optimized in order to increase productivity of the mine. Geomechanical issues related to draw control have played a dominant role in efforts to reduce stress and improve fragmentation and reduce dilution. Draw control is the practice of controlling the tonnages drawn from individual drawpoints with the object of Minimising dilution and maintaining the planned ore grade. Ensuring maximum ore recovery with minimum dilution. Avoiding damaging load concentrations on the extraction horizon. Avoiding the creation of conditions that could lead to air blasts or mud-rushes. The following have to be considered for draw control strategy in order to maximize productivity, Any factors observed during the start of caving that will influence the planned caving and drawdown processes. Control the draw from the first tonnage into the drawpoint. Define the potential tonnages and grades that will be available from each drawpoint. The draw control system must be fully operational. Confirm that the planned draw strategy is correct. The recording and analysis of the tonnages drawn, this important aspect is often not treated with the required respect. Managing the draw by following the adopted draw strategy. Define how the control is to be monitored, maintained and audited. Planning for how the draw column would behave with time. An estimation of the remaining tonnages and grade for future production scheduling and planning. Personnel must be aware of the definition of isolated drawpoint. Ensure the drawpoints are clearly and correctly identified underground. There must be reporting system to record and describe why allocated drawpoints have not been drawn. Ensure secondary breakings are done effectively and efficiently. Develop standard procedure for close drawpoints. Draw control is what block caving is about, the reasons for and the principles of draw control must be clearly understood by all operating personnel. Preparation of orebody must be done in a sound way so that preventable problems do not hamper the draw control. 3.2.3 Secondary Breaking Irrespective of the method of primary blasting employed, it may be necessary to reblast a proportion of the rock which can then be handled by the loading, hauling and crushing system. There are four types of problems that cause a need for secondary breaking, High hang-ups are where a large fragment lies across the entrance to the draw bell up to 19m above the footwall. This type of hang up is very rare though, and it is more common that this will only occur up to a distance of 5 m above the draw point floor. Rock jumble is where several ore fragments of rock smaller than two cubic meters form an arch in a drawbell. This is found to occur especially in the troat of the drawpoint. Low hang up is a large fragment of over two cubic metres hanging in the troat or on the floor of a draw point clocking the flow of ore. Draw point oversize is any large fragment over two cubic metres on the floor of a draw point and effectively prevents loading by LHDs. Some of the techniques that are in use for secondary breaking are as follows, Concussion blasting Drill and blast Emulsion secondary blasting Robust hydro fracturing breaking system There are many products on the market today that promise effective secondary breaking of both hang-ups and boulders, including cone packs, the quick draw system, the boulder buster and the penetrating cone fracture technique. In order to choose a secondary breaking method with respect to productivity the following need to considered and evaluated, Explosive quantities Labour and Equipment requirements Fragmentation Safety 3.3 Significance of Production Management

Transcultural Nursing Essay -- Health, Nursing

Understanding and implementing culturally competent and culturally congruent care are the key factors for effective and excellent nursing care (Srivastava, 2007). However, health care provider’s roles and responsibilities in meeting health care needs of the clients in consideration to cultural perspective and diversity are getting more challenging and complicated due to increased number of people from a group of multi-ethnic and multi-cultural society, which, in turn requires health care providers to acknowledge and understand variations of cultural healthcare beliefs, values and practices. Transcultural nursing is essential in the process of nursing care because of the different factors, which includes increasing diversity and multicultural identities, emergent use of health care equipment that occasionally dispute the cultural ethics and beliefs of the clients and a rise in feminism and gender issues (Andrews & Boyle, 2008). Maier-Lorentz (2008) states that the fundamental aspect of healthcare is transcultural nursing since culturally competent nursing care help guarantee patient satisfactions and health beneficial outcome. According to the Royal College of Nursing (2009), providing care with respect to health and illness based on the expectations of the people’s values, beliefs and practices corresponding with culture is the focal point of transcultural care. Influenced by the principles and theories of transcultural nursing, the author defines transcultural nursing as a discipline of culturally care for individuals, families, groups and communities representing different cultural lifestyle, values, habits, life process, beliefs and practices. Furthermore, the author believes that the aims of transcultural nursing are to ... ...attain cultural competence and provide adequate cultural care, healthcare provider should develop the desire to achieve congruent care, be aware to any personal biases and prejudices, acknowledge and support other person’s cultural belief and practices, avoid stereotyping and cultural imposition and most importantly identify and overcome the barriers to effective assessment and intervention. Understanding one’s own culture, being supportive, appreciative and sensitive to other culture and differences are the key factors to achieve cultural competence. The author recommends that aside from being focused to care provider’s cultural competency and cultural assessment, transcultural nursing theories and concepts also needs to develop ways on how to avoid cultural negligence, overcome personal biases and resolve cultural barriers that may affect quality nursing care.

Point of View Essay

His mother attends these classes to reduce her high blood pressure. He escorts her there every week because she refuses to take the bus alone since integration. His mother is extremely prejudice and Julian was the total opposite. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this story is about the life of Mrs. Dutta, an old, widowed Indian woman who had moved into her son’s American home two months prior. Mrs. Dutta struggles with not running a house and in the midst is writing a letter to a dear friend back home contemplating weather to be truthful or to be honorable to her family. First I would like to review witch point of view is being used both stories. For the first short story Everything That Rises Must Converge, the story is being told from a third person point of view. The story has someone who is not any of the characters stating the events that are happening or events that had happened. Also the third person point of view is giving the dialog between and among characters. In this quote from the story it is evident that it is being told from a third person point of view â€Å"She said this every time he took her to the reducing class. (Burroway) This narrative persona is in fact close to the story because it knows how the characters in the story are feeling as well as their individual thoughts. For example â€Å"It gave him a certain satisfaction to see injustice in daily operation. † (Burroway) For this specific story the Implied author does not seem to be close to the narrative persona. It is not evident who is actually telling the story and its’ events. The story is not told in past tense which would imply that Julian was the one in fact telling the story. For Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this is also told form a third person point of view. We can see that the story is not being told by any of the characters, and it shows the emotions and actions of everyone in the story. The narrative persona for this story is more close to Mrs. Dutta then other characters as the story mainly revolves around how Mrs. Dutta is feeling and her actions. The narrative persona shows a glimpse of the other characters emotions while focusing on Mrs. Dutta. â€Å"Mrs. Dutta, who had never, through forty-two years of marriage, addressed Sagar’s father by name tried not to wince. † (Borroway)Both stories are similar by the fact that they have the same type of narrative persona. In other stories such as What You Pawn I Will Redeem this is coming from a first person narrative. The story is being told by the main character and he knows little about the other emotions felt by other characters. For Everything That Rises Must Converge and Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter the distance would seem to be closer as the reader knows each of the characters’ feelings and their emotions. Secondly, we can review of the types of irony that is being used for each story. Every story has its individual way of conveying a message to its readers. Irony is a way for the story to indicate an intention of that which is happening in the story. In Everything That Rises Must Converge the type of irony that is being used is dramatic irony. In the story we can see that when Julian’s mother gets hit by the African American women Julian doesn’t think it is a big deal. He repeatedly tells his mother to get up and that is what she deserved. Not knowing in fact that she was unconscious, non responsive, and possibly dead. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter this story would also have dramatic irony. In this story the family does not know that Mrs. Dutta is rather unhappy living with her son in America. Mrs. Dutta always tries to hide her true feelings from her family, and is reluctant to tell the truth to her best friend in India, but the reader knows Mrs. Dutta’s true feelings. Also we can see how the voice affects the plot of each story. Since both Everything That Rises Must Converge and Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter have a similar voice, the plots in both stories are affected almost the same way. With the voice being from a third person point of view the reader is able to know the qualities of each character. In Everything That Rises Must Converge knowing both emotions for Julian and his mother, we are able to see both sides of what they are thinking. This helps with knowing the actions that might take place next and also to know why the character responded in such a way. Julian’s mother is very prejudice, and since the reader is able to know her feeling we can see why Julian acted the way he did when he saw an African American man get on the bus. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter knowing Mrs. Dutta’s feeling about living with her son we can see why she is reluctant to share that information with her best friend as she thinks it would be un-honorable. We can also see that the feeling is mutual with her son’s wife. This explains the harsh attitude against Mrs. Dutta and Mrs. Dutta’s need to hide things from the family. In both stories the plot is mostly linear. In both stories you have the characters going though time as normal with few flash backs of the characters past. In Everything That Rises Must Converge Julian and his mother get on a bus to get to the YMCA, and there was only the flash back of when Julian remembers his Grandfather’s house. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter it goes through Mrs. Dutta’s daily routine but she has flash backs of when she lived in India. With both stories having a third person point of view, you have the narrative person telling most of the characters emotions rather than showing how they react to situations Lastly we can assess the themes of both stories, and how they are affected by the voice. With the voice being close to the characters in both stories, we can see how different situations may arise. The theme of Everything That Rises Must Converge is about the act of rebelling. The voice shows how Julian makes different ideas up in his mind for ways to rebel against his mother. In Mrs. Dutta Writes a Letter the theme in the story is the many differences between traditional Indians and modern Indians living in America and the conflict that this cultural divide can create. The voice shows the constant emotional battle the Mrs. Dutta has with herself and her daughter-in-law. With in both of these short stories we can see how a similar voice and point of view can be used for two completely different works. The voice and point of view are made to portray a cretin way to the reader.

3. the Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World

3. The Future of Religion and Politics in the Developing World Religion and Politics are an influential aspect of daily life and continue to affect people today in what they believe in religion and politics. Currently in the news, there is a war regarding religion and beliefs that were made into a movie and portrayed as untrue beliefs from that culture. The politics behind what is brought forth in a story written and then put on a screen has created a religious and political war. Although what was written and produced was viewed as freedom of speech, it has ultimately outraged the believers regarding their religious beliefs.Religion is a belief in someone or something that allows a person to have prayer and beliefs in their culture for the better of their life as they see it. Religion is very much alive as part of politics (Handleman, 2011, p 58). Politics are what affects not only individuals but also countries that should abide by the laws of what are established in order to obtain peace, structure, and control with the people. When religion and politics are put together, they are essentially within the same, beliefs, structure, searching for peace, and allowing a greater being or source to be in control. ReligionsThere are many different types of religions and cultures all over the world. There are many different types of Gods that people have faith in and perform prayer to daily. For centuries, certain religions have stayed within the same beliefs; there are new religions throughout the world that have also not thrived, as well. The church, the laws of the church, and Christianity will continue to be alive and growth on earth every day. People should be allowed to believe in whatever God they choose, but in different countries and with their cultures, people can be brought up to believe only in what they are taught.Catholic Religious Beliefs. There are many religions of the world, and one of the leading religions is Catholicism. The only significant religio n, Catholicism, have penetrated extensively into both industrialized democracies and the developing world, is preeminent in Philippines and Latin America and also is the faith of significant portions of the population in a number of sub-Saharan African countries (Handelman, 2011, p. 60). In Africa, there are more Catholic believers and over half of the populations of all adults are baptized.Inexorably, pastoral and intellectual energy in the church will follow population, and this means that African leaders are destined to play an increasingly prominent role in the global church (Allen, 2006). The world is developing in many areas and having the Catholic belief is becoming stronger than ever. Islamic Religious Beliefs. The Islamic culture is considered not a sacred religion, but one that is of harm and malice. If one would study the Islamic religion, it is not a new religion but one from a path of monotheism.The monotheism too was developed into Judaism and Christianity. The ignoran ce about Islam and perceived targeting of Muslims in general by the U. S. -led â€Å"war on terrorism† have exacerbated a dangerous and growing divide between Muslims and non-Muslims in the contemporary world (Fisher, 2011, p. 381). The Islamic religious beliefs are straightforward to have acceptance, commitment, peace, and purity. They believe in allowing their God for guidance. Politics The balance of politics and what the government has decided for the future is becoming increasingly complex.Politics have become more fundamental in the Third World countries in order to help with the growth and expansion of countries. In order for politics to produce appreciable works, democracy would need to function correctly by the people. Religious beliefs may change over time, but politics are most likely to stay the same. The relationship between politics and religion are to be tolerant and accept changes that occur over time. Politics and Independence. The many cultures in Third Worl d countries seek independence and continue to seek justice from their government and leaders.A threat to the economic well-being is the vast income inequality within developed nations, within many developing nations, and between the developed and developing worlds (Rubin, 2000, p. 421). Each country seeks independence in trade for economic and social changes in order to obtain financial growth. Third World Politics. The principles in other nations seem quite different than what is in the United States. In Third World countries, young children are able to work at an early age in support to be providers in the family.In the United States, there are laws where children cannot work up until a certain age and need to be in a school system. Equal justice to help children with education and development in order to enhance social mobility throughout Third World countries would be beneficial to all. There are many challenges in Third World countries to obtain proper health benefits, and with out assistance, it will often leads to deaths. In conclusion, the world of religion and politics are both needed and desired by many for order and to have something or someone that is of a higher being to respect.Religion and politics will forever be linked throughout the world. Many cultures will continue to either stay within their beliefs of religion or allow changes outside ones control. Politics will continue to be the focus on what the worldviews as structure for each country to abide by their laws set forth by the governments. Although both religion and politics can evolve in war and corruption, there will always be a higher being to seek answers and follow until the end of time.War has evolved from words that are harsh and untrue, but prayer has allowed answers to many questions in which have resolved with effective change. References Allen, John (2006, March 10). African and Catholicism. National Catholic Reporter, (19), 11, Retrieved from http://elibrary. bighchalk. com Fi sher, M. P. (2011). Living Religions (8th ed. ). (2011 Custom Edition) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Handelman, H. (2011). The Challenge of Third World Development (6th ed. ). (2011 Custom Edition) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Rubin, E. Robert. â€Å"The global economy. † Vital Speeches of the Day. 01 May. 2000: 421